System for optically dimensioning

ABSTRACT

A projector can be configured to project a pattern into a camera&#39;s field of view. A structural setting can be configured to receive an object in a predetermined position in the field of view. A sensor can be configured to detect that the object is in the predetermined position. A processor can be configured to, in response to the sensor detecting that the object is in the predetermined position, enable operation of the camera. The camera can be configured to obtain one or more images including the pattern on first and second surfaces of the structural setting, and the pattern on the object while the object is in the predetermined position. The processor can be configured to determine dimensions of the object based upon positional information for the first and second surface of the structural setting.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/477,543, for Three-Dimensional Camera Precision Booster (filed Mar. 28, 2017), via 35 U.S.C. § 119. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/477,543 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems that use optical 3D depth-sensing technology to measure dimensions of an object and, more particularly, to such a 3D optical dimensioner that includes a camera and pattern projector.

BACKGROUND

It is believed to be known for a 3D optical dimensioner, which includes a pattern projector and a camera, to use one type of algorithm to dimension an object's height, and a different type of algorithm to dimension the object's width and length. The height is typically obtained by quantifying the distance between two detected layers (e.g., planar surfaces), namely a lower layer that is an environmental ground plane taken as a “reference layer” during initial setup of the optical dimensioner, and an upper layer that is the top surface (e.g., planar top surface) of the object identified during normal operation (e.g., after initial setup) of the optical dimensioner. In contrast, for each of the length and width dimensions, the dimension is typically obtained by quantifying the distance between edges of the object that are identified during normal operation. The precision and accuracy of the determined length and width dimensions may be lower than the precision and accuracy of the determined height.

Therefore, a need exists for improving the precision and accuracy of the determined length and width dimensions.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, one aspect of this disclosure is the provision of an optical dimensioner that seeks to provide improved precision and accuracy for at least one of length and width dimensions.

In an example, a system for determining dimensions can comprise a camera having a field of view; a projector configured to project a pattern into the field of view; a structural setting configured to receive the object in a predetermined position in the field of view; at least one sensor configured to detect that the object is in the predetermined position; and a processor configured to, at least partially in response to the at least one sensor detecting that the object is in the predetermined position, at least enable the camera to obtain at least one image of the object while the projector is projecting the pattern onto the object in the field of view, wherein the processor is configured to determine, based at least partially upon the at least one image, dimensions of the object.

The at least one sensor can comprise a contact sensor. The structural setting can comprise first and second upright surfaces configured to simultaneously engage respective portions of the object while the object is in the predetermined position. The second upright surface of the structural setting can extend in a crosswise direction relative to the first upright surface of the structural setting.

The structural setting can comprise a corner configured to receive a corner of the object. The corner of the structural setting can be at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another. The corner can be a right-angled receptacle configured to receive at least a portion of the object. The right-angled receptacle can be at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another.

The structural setting can comprise a third surface configured to engage a portion of the object while the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting are respectively engaging the respective portions of the object. The third surface of the structural setting can extend in a crosswise direction relative to both of the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting.

As another example, a system for determining dimensions can comprise a structural setting configured to receive an object in a predetermined position, the structural setting comprising first and second surfaces configured to simultaneously engage respective portions of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, wherein the second surface of the structural setting extends in a crosswise direction relative to the first surface of the structural setting; a projector configured to project at least one pattern onto each of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, and the first and second surfaces of the structural setting; a camera configured to obtain one or more images including the at least one pattern on the first and second surfaces of the structural setting, and at least one image including the at least one pattern on the object while the object is in the predetermined position; and a processor configured to determine dimensions of the object based upon at least both the at least one image and the one or more images, comprising the processor being configured to determine positional information for the first surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for the second surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for a first portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine positional information for a second portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine a distance based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the first surface of the structural setting and the positional information for first portion of the object, and determine a distance based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the second surface of the structural setting and the positional information for second portion of the object.

As a further example, a method for determining dimensions of an object can comprise projecting, by a projector, at least one pattern onto an object while the object in a predetermined position with respect to a structural setting, the structural setting comprising a first surface engaging a portion of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, and a second surface engaging another portion of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, the second surface extending in a crosswise direction relative to the first surface; obtaining, by a camera, one or more images, the one or more images comprising at least one image including the at least one pattern on the object while the object is in the predetermined position; and determining, by a processor, dimensions of the object, comprising the processor determining positional information for the first surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determining positional information for the second surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determining positional information for a first portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determining positional information for a second portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determining a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for first surface of the structural setting and the positional information for first portion of the object, and determining a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for second surface of the structural setting and the positional information for second portion of the object.

The method can further include detecting, with at least one sensor, presence of the object in the predetermined position. The obtaining of the one or more images can be at least partially responsive to the detecting the presence of the object in the predetermined position.

The foregoing summary provides a few brief examples and is not exhaustive, and the present invention is not limited to the foregoing examples. The foregoing examples, as well as other examples, are further explained in the following detailed description with reference to accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are schematic, and features depicted therein may not be drawn to scale. The drawings are provided as examples. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the examples depicted in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a system for optically dimensioning a physical object, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of portions of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an isolated, exploded view of a representative upright panel of a structural setting of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an isolated pictorial view of an object or package suitable for being optically dimensioned by the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a pictorial view of the package of FIG. 4 in a predetermined position within a corner of the structural setting of FIGS. 1 and 2., in accordance with the first embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a top view of the configuration of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is like FIG. 6, except that the package is not in the predetermined position.

FIG. 8 is like FIG. 7, except for depicting another example of the package not being in the predetermined position.

FIG. 9 is like FIG. 6, except that the package is triangular in a top plan view.

FIG. 10 is like FIG. 6, except that the package is irregular in shape in a top plan view.

FIG. 11 is like FIG. 6, except that the package is round in a top plan view.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples of embodiments are disclosed in the following. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. For example, features disclosed as part of one embodiment can be used in the context of another embodiment to yield a further embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1, an optical dimensioning system 10 of a first embodiment of this disclosure includes a 3D camera assembly 12 facing toward a receptacle or inner corner 14 that is defined by a structural setting 16. In the first embodiment, the corner 14 (e.g., right-angled receptacle or right-angled inner corner) is configured to at least partially receive at least one object (e.g., packages 70 in FIGS. 4-11) that are to be imaged by the camera assembly 12. The system 10 includes at least one computing device 18 operatively associated with the camera assembly 12 for optically dimensioning one or more objects that are at least partially positioned in the corner 14, as will be discussed in greater detail below.

The structural setting 16 can include panels 21-23 respectively having surfaces 31, 32, 33 that define the inner corner 14. As will be discussed in greater detail below, one or more of (e.g., each of) the setting surfaces 31-33 can be taken as a “reference layer” (e.g., during an initial setup of the system 10). Thereafter, one or more of the reference layers respectively corresponding to the setting surfaces 31-33 can be used (e.g., during normal operation following the initial setup) in the process of dimensioning an object 70 (FIGS. 4-11) that is at least partially positioned in the setting corner 14. As will also be discussed in greater detail below, the optical dimensioning performed by the system 10 can be responsive to at least one sensor (e.g., contact detector 62 in FIG. 3) detecting that the object 70 being dimensioned is in a predetermined position (e.g., in the setting corner 14).

In the example of FIG. 1, the camera assembly 12 can be mounted to a pole, or can be supported by other suitable structure(s), so that the camera assembly is positioned above both the lower support panel 21 and the object 70 (FIGS. 4-11) being dimensioned. The computer 18 can include at least one of each of a processor 40, memory 42, data storage device 44, equipment interface 46, network interface 48, user interface 50, and any other suitable features. The computer 18, or more specifically the equipment interface(s) 46 thereof or associated therewith, can be in communication with the camera assembly 12 and contact sensor(s) 62 (FIG. 3) of each upright panel 22, 23 by way of respective communication paths 52. The one or more user interfaces 50 are configured to allow a user to enter commands and information into the computer 18, and to allow the computer to output information to the user. For example, the input-type user interfaces 50 can include a keyboard, a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a microphone, touch functionality (e.g., capacitive or other sensors that are configured to detect physical contact), and/or any other suitable devices. As additional examples, the output-type user interfaces 50 can include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector), speakers, a printer and/or any other suitable devices.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the structural setting 16 and the camera assembly 12. The system 10 (FIG. 1) includes an optical dimensioner, which comprises the camera assembly 12 and processor 40 (e.g., the processor executing software), configured to use 3D depth sensing technology to measure dimensions of an object 70 (FIGS. 4-11). In the first embodiment, the camera assembly 12 includes a elongate housing having opposite ends, a pattern projector 54 mounted in the housing at a position proximate one of the ends, and at least one camera 56 mounted in the housing at a position proximate the other end of the housing. The pattern projector 54 can be configured to use structured infrared light to create a laser pattern 58 that is simultaneously projected onto each of the setting surfaces 31-33. A portion of the projected pattern 58 and a portion of a field of view 60 of the camera 56 are schematically depicted in FIG. 2. The camera 56 can be an infrared camera that captures an image of the infrared pattern 58 projected onto each of the setting surfaces 31-33. In the first embodiment, each of the setting surfaces 31-33 can be colored white in a manner that seeks to enhance detection of the laser pattern 58 thereon by the camera 56. Suitable camera assemblies 12 are believed to be available from Honeywell International Inc. (e.g., AutoCube) and Mantis Vision Ltd.

FIG. 3 is an isolated, exploded view of a representative one of the upright panels 22, 23, in accordance with the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, each of the upright panels 22, 23 can include a planar (e.g., substantially planar) contact detection apparatus 62 (e.g., at least one contact sensor) mounted between, and typically in opposing face-to-face contact with each of, a planar (e.g., substantially planar) outer substrate 64 and a substantially planner inner 66 substrate. The outer substrate 64 can be self-supporting, and can be formed of plastic, wood, metal and/or other suitable materials. The inner substrates 66 respectively include the right and left upright setting surfaces 32, 33. Each inner substrate 66 can be in the form of a white mat and/or other suitable layer(s) that can optionally be covered with a clear plastic sheet. In the first embodiment, each of the setting surfaces 31-33 can be white, planar (e.g., substantially planar), and extend in a crosswise direction with respect to the other two of the setting surfaces 31-33. More specifically for the first embodiment, each of the setting surfaces 31-33 can extend perpendicularly (e.g., substantially perpendicularly) with respect to the other two of the setting surfaces 31-33. Notwithstanding, differently configured setting panels 21-23 and setting surfaces 31-33 are within the scope of this disclosure.

In the first embodiment, the contact detection apparatus, or detectors 62, are configured to detect physical contacts against their associated upright surface 32, 33, and identify the positions of the physical contacts. The location of the physical contact can be identified by coordinates of a two-dimensional array. Accordingly, the detectors 62 are schematically representative of at least one contact sensor configured to detect an object 70 and its location, in response to physical contact (e.g., indirect physical contact) between the object and the detector.

Each of the detectors 62 can be a resistive contact detection apparatus at least generally of the type incorporated into touchscreens (e.g., touch-sensitive electronic visual display screens), or the like. For example, the layer of the contact detection apparatus 62 that is in opposing face-to-face contact with the inner substrate 66, as well as the inner substrate and any plastic sheet thereon, are typically elastically deformable in response to contact. As another example, it is believed that each of the detectors 62 may be a capacitive contact detection apparatus of the type incorporated into touchscreens (e.g., touch-sensitive electronic visual display screens), or the like. Each of the detectors 62 typically includes a circuit/controller 68 that communicates with (e.g., outputs to) the computer 18 (FIG. 1). As another example, it is believed that the detectors 62 may be configured to be and/or be replaced with one or more proximity sensors configured to detect object positions indicative of contacts against the upright setting surfaces 32, 33.

In accordance with the first embodiment, an overall method of using the system 10 (FIG. 1) to dimension an object 70 can include a method of initially setting up the system 10 (“initial setup”), followed by a method of serially repeatedly operating the system after the initial setup (“post-setup”) to dimension numerous objects or packages 70 in series.

Referring to FIG. 2, as part of the initial setup, the camera assembly 12 and setting 16 are typically fixedly arranged with respect to one another. In this fixed arrangement, the pattern 58 is typically simultaneously projected into the setting corner 14 and upon at least a large percentage of each of the setting surfaces 31-33, and the setting corner 14 and each of the setting surfaces 31-33 are in the field of view 60. The pattern 58 and field of view 60 can originate at a face of the camera assembly 12, and a straight imaginary line 69 can extend perpendicular from the center of the camera assembly's face to the point (e.g., to proximate the point) where the setting surfaces 31-33 intersect, and so that a forty five degree angle (e.g., about or substantially forty five degree angle) is defined between the straight imaginary line and each of the setting surfaces 31-33. In the first embodiment, the camera assembly 12 and setting 16 remain in these positions relative to one another throughout both the remainder of the initial setup of the system 10 and throughout the associated post-setup operation of the system.

Continuing with the reminder of the initial setup, or the like, the system 10 (FIG. 1) can be operated, under control of the processor 40 (e.g., at least one processor executing software), to obtain positional information for each of the setting surfaces 31-33, for example as described in the following. The method includes the projector 54 projecting the pattern 58 (e.g., at least one pattern) onto the setting surfaces 31-33, and obtaining, by the camera 56, one or more images including the at least one pattern 58 on the setting surfaces 31-33. The one or more images can comprise a 3D image, range image and/or any other suitable type of image including features from which 3D information can be derived. The system 10 can be operated, under control of the processor 40 (e.g., at least one processor executing software), to determine positional information for the setting surfaces 31-33, or portions thereof, based upon the one or more captured images.

As will be discussed in greater detail below, the positional information for each of the setting surfaces 31-33 can be used as a “reference layer” in determining dimensions of an object 70; therefore, such positional information can be referred to as reference positional information. The system 10 can be operated, under control of the processor 40 (FIG. 1), so that for each of the setting surfaces 31-33, the corresponding reference positional information can describe, or be in the form of, a 3D model of at least a portion of the surface, so as to define a planar (e.g., substantially planar) reference layer that corresponds to at least a portion of the setting surface. As will be discussed in greater detail below, each reference layer can be used, for example as a reference surface, in dimensioning an object 70. Under control of the processor 40, the reference positional information (e.g., data defining 3D models, reference layers, or the like) for the setting surfaces 31-33 can be saved in computer data storage 44 for use in post-setup operation of the system, as will be discussed in grater detail below.

The system 10 can be used, for example and referring to FIG. 4, to dimension an object 70 in the form of a rectangular (e.g., substantially rectangular) package 70 having planar (substantially planar) front, right, left, rear, top, bottom surfaces 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76. FIG. 5 depicts the package 70 in a predetermined position in the setting 16, in accordance with an example. In FIG. 5, the package 70 is positioned at least partially in the setting corner 14 (FIGS. 1 and 2). More specifically, in the configuration depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, a corner of the package 70 is positioned in (e.g., fully mated into) the setting corner 14, so that planar (e.g., substantially planar) surfaces 73, 74, 76 (FIG. 4) of the package are respectively parallel to (e.g., substantially parallel to) and in opposing face-to-face contact with the setting surfaces 31-33.

The system 10 of the first embodiment is configured so that, for the configuration depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, the contact detector 62 (FIG. 3) of the left upright panel 22 (“left contact detector”) outputs a signal in response to, and for the duration of, the contact between the left setting surface 32 and the left package surface 73; and the contact detector 62 of the right upright panel 23 (“right contact detector”) outputs a signal in response to, and for the duration of, the contact between the right setting surface 33 and the rear package surface 74.

The processor 40 (FIG. 1) can be aware of the contact-indicating signals for the left and right detectors 62. In response to the processor 40 simultaneously being aware of the contact-indicating signals from both the right and left contact detectors 62, the processor can at least partially initiate optical dimensioning operations of the system 10. For example, the processor 40 can responsively automatically initiate (e.g., after operation of a count-down timer) a process of optically dimensioning the package 70, or the processor can responsively automatically cause a respective user interface device 50 (FIG. 1) to present to a user the option of initiating the dimensioning process by way of predetermined user input (e.g., the user selecting an indication of an option to proceed with the process, or the like). At least partially reiterating from above, the processor 40 can be configured to, at least partially in response to the at least one sensor (e.g., the right and left contact detectors 62) detecting that the object 70 is in the predetermined position, at least enable the camera assembly 12 to obtain at least one image of the object while the projector 54 is projecting the pattern 58 onto the object in the field of view 60 of the camera 56. For example, the processor 40 can restrict operability of (e.g., prevent operation of) the camera assembly 12 until the object 70 is in the predetermined position.

At least partially reiterating from above, the system 10 can be configured so that the contact detectors 62 (FIG. 3) and processor 40 (FIG. 1) are cooperatively operative in a manner that seeks to make sure that the object or package 70 is in contact with both upright surfaces 32, 33 before allowing dimensioning of the package 70. Typically gravity will ensure that the object or package 70 is in contact with the horizontal support surface 31.

An example of a post-setup method performed by the system 10, under control of the processor 40 (e.g., the processor executing software), is described in the following, in accordance with the first embodiment. The method includes the projector 54 projecting the pattern 58 (e.g., at least one pattern) onto the package 70 while the structural setting 16 is in receipt of the package so that the package is the predetermined position as described above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. The method also includes obtaining, by the camera 56, at least one image including the at least one pattern 58 on the package 70 (e.g., on the package front, right and top surface 71, 72, 75) while the package is in the predetermined position. The at least one image can comprise a 3D image, range image and/or any other suitable type of image including features from which 3D information can be derived. The system 10 can be operated, under control of the processor 40 (e.g., at least one processor executing software), to determine positional information for the package's front, right and top surfaces 71, 72, 75, or portions thereof, based upon the at least one 3D image. This positional information may be referred to as “object positional information.” For example, for each of the package front, right and top surfaces 71, 72, 75, the corresponding object positional information can describe, or be in the form of, a 3D model of at least a portion of the surface, so as to define a planar (e.g., substantially planar) “object layer” that corresponds to at least a portion of the surface.

Then, the system 10 can be operated, under control of the processor 40 (e.g., at least one processor executing software), to determine dimensions of the package 70. This can include retrieving the reference positional information for the setting surfaces 31-33 from computer data storage 44. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, a distance (e.g., length dimension of the packable 70) can be determined based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the right upright setting surface 33 and the positional information for the package front surface 71. This determining can comprise determining a distance along at least one line extending perpendicularly between the right upright setting surface's reference layer and the package front surface's object layer. Similarly, a distance (e.g., width dimension of the package 70) can be determined based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the left upright setting surface 32 and the positional information for the package right surface 72. This determining can comprise determining a distance along at least one line extending perpendicularly between the left upright setting surface's reference layer and the package right surface's object layer. Similarly, a distance (e.g., height dimension of the package 70) can be determined based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the lower (e.g., horizontal) setting surface 31 and the positional information for the package top surface 75. This determining can comprise determining a distance along at least one line extending perpendicularly between the lower (e.g., horizontal) setting surface's reference layer and the package top surface's object layer. For example, the processor 40 (FIG. 1) can, responsive to the determination of the dimensions, output the dimensions or other related values (e.g., a value calculated by the processor using the dimensions) to one or more interface devices 50 (FIG. 1) and/or to other locations, for example by way of one or more of the network interfaces 48 (FIG. 1), or the like.

At least partially reiterating from above, the system 10 (FIG. 1) can be operative under control of the processor 40 (FIG. 1) to use the 3D camera capabilities (e.g. the processor 40 executing software to process images from the camera assembly 12) to detect the setting surfaces 31-33, and obtain and store their positional information, typically without the object or package 70 being present; then use the 3D camera capabilities to detect the object's or package's front, right and top surfaces 71, 72, 75 and obtain their positional information while the object or package is in the predetermined position; compute the differences respectively between the setting surfaces 31-33 (e.g., their positional information) and the package's front, right and top surfaces 71, 72, 75 (e.g., their positional information), wherein those differences represent optically measured dimensions of the object or package; and output the dimensions and/or other information that may be at least partially based upon the dimensions.

Reiterating from above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, the processor 40 (FIG. 1) can be responsive to simultaneous occurrence of the contact-indicating signals from both the right and left detectors 62 to at least partially initiate optical dimensioning operations of the system 10. For example, the processor 40 can be responsive to there being contact-indicating signal(s) from only one of the right and left detectors 62, for example as a result of the configurations depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively, by not allowing, or otherwise restricting, optical dimensioning operations of the system 10. As another example, the processor 40 can be responsive to there being contact-indicating signal(s) from only one of the right and left detectors 62, for example due to the configurations depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively, by providing output to one or more interface devices 50 (FIG. 1). This output can be provided to a user, for example, visual and/or audibly, as a warning and/or instructions for placing the object or package 70 in the predetermined position, or the like.

In accordance with the first embodiment, rather than the object or package 70 being rectangular, the package can define other shapes. As a few examples, the package 70 can be triangular as depicted in FIG. 9, irregular in shape as depicted in FIG. 10, or round as depicted in FIG. 11. In this regard, the system 10 can be configured to determine, under control of the processor 40 (FIG. 1), that the length and width of the package 70 are not defined by rectangular surfaces. For example, the system 10 can be operative under control of the processor 40 to use the 3D camera capabilities (e.g. the processor 40 executing software to process images from the camera assembly 12) to sort orthogonal from non-orthogonal objects.

In response to the system 10 determining that the length and width of the package 70 are not defined by rectangular surfaces, the system 10 can operate, under control of the processor 40, to determine dimensions of the irregular or round package 70 without using the positional information for the right upright setting surface 33 (e.g., without using the right upright setting surface's reference layer) and without using the positional information for the left upright setting surface 32 (e.g., without using left upright setting surface's reference layer). For example, in response to the system 10 determining that the length and width of the package 70 are not defined by rectangular surfaces, the system 10 can operate, under control of the processor 40, to determine dimensions of the irregular or round package 70 by using the positional information for the lower (e.g., horizontal) setting surface 31 and the positional information for the package top surface 75, and by using positional information for detected edges of the object or package. Suitable equipment for optically dimensioning using positional information for detected edges is believed to be available from Honeywell International Inc. (e.g., AutoCube) and Mantis Vision Ltd.

A second embodiment of this disclosure can be like the first embodiment, except for variations noted and variations that will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. In accordance with the second embodiment, the system 10 can be configured so that the contact detectors 62 (FIG. 3) and processor 40 (FIG. 1) are cooperative as discussed above for the first embodiment, but the dimensioning can be carried out in any suitable manner, for example using optical dimensioning equipment available from Honeywell International Inc. (e.g., AutoCube) and Mantis Vision Ltd.

Throughout the Detailed Description section of this disclosure, terms such as “substantially,” “about,” “proximate,” and the like, have been used for the purpose of providing a range of examples. It is believed that those of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that, in different implementations of the features of this disclosure, different engineering tolerances, precision, and/or accuracy may be applicable. Accordingly, it is believed that those of ordinary skill will readily understand the usage herein of the terms such as “substantially,” “about,” “proximate,” and the like.

To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following patents, and patent application publications: U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0082802; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0063672; U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,541; International Publication No. WO 2015/023483; U.S. Pat. No. 6,832,725; U.S. Pat. No. 7,128,266; U.S. Pat. No. 7,159,783; U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,127; U.S. Pat. No. 7,726,575; U.S. Pat. No. 8,294,969; U.S. Pat. No. 8,317,105; U.S. Pat. No. 8,322,622; U.S. Pat. No. 8,366,005; U.S. Pat. No. 8,371,507; U.S. Pat. No. 8,376,233; U.S. Pat. No. 8,381,979; U.S. Pat. No. 8,390,909; U.S. Pat. No. 8,408,464; U.S. Pat. No. 8,408,468; U.S. Pat. No. 8,408,469; U.S. Pat. No. 8,424,768; U.S. Pat. No. 8,448,863; U.S. Pat. No. 8,457,013; U.S. Pat. No. 8,459,557; U.S. Pat. No. 8,469,272; U.S. Pat. No. 8,474,712; U.S. Pat. No. 8,479,992; U.S. Pat. No. 8,490,877; U.S. Pat. No. 8,517,271; U.S. Pat. No. 8,523,076; U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,818; U.S. Pat. No. 8,544,737; U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,242; U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,420; U.S. Pat. No. 8,550,335; U.S. Pat. No. 8,550,354; U.S. Pat. No. 8,550,357; U.S. Pat. No. 8,556,174; U.S. Pat. No. 8,556,176; U.S. Pat. No. 8,556,177; U.S. Pat. No. 8,559,767; U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,957; U.S. Pat. No. 8,561,895; U.S. Pat. No. 8,561,903; U.S. Pat. No. 8,561,905; U.S. Pat. No. 8,565,107; U.S. Pat. No. 8,571,307; U.S. Pat. No. 8,579,200; U.S. Pat. No. 8,583,924; U.S. Pat. No. 8,584,945; U.S. Pat. No. 8,587,595; U.S. Pat. No. 8,587,697; U.S. Pat. No. 8,588,869; U.S. Pat. No. 8,590,789; U.S. Pat. No. 8,596,539; U.S. Pat. No. 8,596,542; U.S. Pat. No. 8,596,543; U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,271; U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,957; U.S. Pat. No. 8,600,158; U.S. Pat. No. 8,600,167; U.S. Pat. No. 8,602,309; U.S. Pat. No. 8,608,053; U.S. Pat. No. 8,608,071; U.S. Pat. No. 8,611,309; U.S. Pat. No. 8,615,487; U.S. Pat. No. 8,616,454; U.S. Pat. No. 8,621,123; U.S. Pat. No. 8,622,303; U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,013; U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,015; U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,016; U.S. Pat. No. 8,629,926; U.S. Pat. No. 8,630,491; U.S. Pat. No. 8,635,309; U.S. Pat. No. 8,636,200; U.S. Pat. No. 8,636,212; U.S. Pat. No. 8,636,215; U.S. Pat. No. 8,636,224; U.S. Pat. No. 8,638,806; U.S. Pat. No. 8,640,958; U.S. Pat. No. 8,640,960; U.S. Pat. No. 8,643,717; U.S. Pat. No. 8,646,692; U.S. Pat. No. 8,646,694; U.S. Pat. No. 8,657,200; U.S. Pat. No. 8,659,397; U.S. Pat. No. 8,668,149; U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,285; U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,286; U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,077; U.S. Pat. No. 8,687,282; U.S. Pat. No. 8,692,927; U.S. Pat. No. 8,695,880; U.S. Pat. No. 8,698,949; U.S. Pat. No. 8,717,494; U.S. Pat. No. 8,717,494; U.S. Pat. No. 8,720,783; U.S. Pat. No. 8,723,804; U.S. Pat. No. 8,723,904; U.S. Pat. No. 8,727,223; U.S. Pat. No. 8,740,082; U.S. Pat. No. 8,740,085; U.S. Pat. No. 8,746,563; U.S. Pat. No. 8,750,445; U.S. Pat. No. 8,752,766; U.S. Pat. No. 8,756,059; U.S. Pat. No. 8,757,495; U.S. Pat. No. 8,760,563; U.S. Pat. No. 8,763,909; U.S. Pat. No. 8,777,108; U.S. Pat. No. 8,777,109; U.S. Pat. No. 8,779,898; U.S. Pat. No. 8,781,520; U.S. Pat. No. 8,783,573; U.S. Pat. No. 8,789,757; U.S. Pat. No. 8,789,758; U.S. Pat. No. 8,789,759; U.S. Pat. No. 8,794,520; U.S. Pat. No. 8,794,522; U.S. Pat. No. 8,794,525; U.S. Pat. No. 8,794,526; U.S. Pat. No. 8,798,367; U.S. Pat. No. 8,807,431; U.S. Pat. No. 8,807,432; U.S. Pat. No. 8,820,630; U.S. Pat. No. 8,822,848; U.S. Pat. No. 8,824,692; U.S. Pat. No. 8,824,696; U.S. Pat. No. 8,842,849; U.S. Pat. No. 8,844,822; U.S. Pat. No. 8,844,823; U.S. Pat. No. 8,849,019; U.S. Pat. No. 8,851,383; U.S. Pat. No. 8,854,633; U.S. Pat. No. 8,866,963; U.S. Pat. No. 8,868,421; U.S. Pat. No. 8,868,519; U.S. Pat. No. 8,868,802; U.S. Pat. No. 8,868,803; U.S. Pat. No. 8,870,074; U.S. Pat. No. 8,879,639; U.S. Pat. No. 8,880,426; U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,983; U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,987; U.S. Pat. No. 8,903,172; U.S. Pat. No. 8,908,995; U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,870; U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,875; U.S. Pat. No. 8,914,290; U.S. Pat. No. 8,914,788; U.S. Pat. No. 8,915,439; U.S. Pat. No. 8,915,444; U.S. Pat. No. 8,916,789; U.S. Pat. No. 8,918,250; U.S. Pat. No. 8,918,564; U.S. Pat. No. 8,925,818; U.S. Pat. No. 8,939,374; U.S. Pat. No. 8,942,480; U.S. Pat. No. 8,944,313; U.S. Pat. No. 8,944,327; U.S. Pat. No. 8,944,332; U.S. Pat. No. 8,950,678; U.S. Pat. No. 8,967,468; U.S. Pat. No. 8,971,346; U.S. Pat. No. 8,976,030; U.S. Pat. No. 8,976,368; U.S. Pat. No. 8,978,981; U.S. Pat. No. 8,978,983; U.S. Pat. No. 8,978,984; U.S. Pat. No. 8,985,456; U.S. Pat. No. 8,985,457; U.S. Pat. No. 8,985,459; U.S. Pat. No. 8,985,461; U.S. Pat. No. 8,988,578; U.S. Pat. No. 8,988,590; U.S. Pat. No. 8,991,704; U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,194; U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,384; U.S. Pat. No. 9,002,641; U.S. Pat. No. 9,007,368; U.S. Pat. No. 9,010,641; U.S. Pat. No. 9,015,513; U.S. Pat. No. 9,016,576; U.S. Pat. No. 9,022,288; U.S. Pat. No. 9,030,964; U.S. Pat. No. 9,033,240; U.S. Pat. No. 9,033,242; U.S. Pat. No. 9,036,054; U.S. Pat. No. 9,037,344; U.S. Pat. No. 9,038,911; U.S. Pat. No. 9,038,915; U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,098; U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,359; U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,420; U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,525; U.S. Pat. No. 9,047,531; U.S. Pat. No. 9,053,055; U.S. Pat. No. 9,053,378; U.S. Pat. No. 9,053,380; U.S. Pat. No. 9,058,526; U.S. Pat. No. 9,064,165; U.S. Pat. No. 9,064,165; U.S. Pat. No. 9,064,167; U.S. Pat. No. 9,064,168; U.S. Pat. No. 9,064,254; U.S. Pat. No. 9,066,032; U.S. Pat. No. 9,070,032; U.S. Pat. No. 9,076,459; U.S. Pat. No. 9,079,423; U.S. Pat. No. 9,080,856; U.S. Pat. No. 9,082,023; U.S. Pat. No. 9,082,031; U.S. Pat. No. 9,084,032; U.S. Pat. No. 9,087,250; U.S. Pat. No. 9,092,681; U.S. Pat. No. 9,092,682; U.S. Pat. No. 9,092,683; U.S. Pat. No. 9,093,141; U.S. Pat. No. 9,098,763; U.S. Pat. No. 9,104,929; U.S. Pat. No. 9,104,934; U.S. Pat. No. 9,107,484; U.S. Pat. No. 9,111,159; U.S. Pat. No. 9,111,166; U.S. Pat. No. 9,135,483; U.S. Pat. No. 9,137,009; U.S. Pat. No. 9,141,839; U.S. Pat. No. 9,147,096; U.S. Pat. No. 9,148,474; U.S. Pat. No. 9,158,000; U.S. Pat. No. 9,158,340; U.S. Pat. No. 9,158,953; U.S. Pat. No. 9,159,059; U.S. Pat. No. 9,165,174; U.S. Pat. No. 9,171,543; U.S. Pat. No. 9,183,425; U.S. Pat. No. 9,189,669; U.S. Pat. No. 9,195,844; U.S. Pat. No. 9,202,458; U.S. Pat. No. 9,208,366; U.S. Pat. No. 9,208,367; U.S. Pat. No. 9,219,836; U.S. Pat. No. 9,224,024; U.S. Pat. No. 9,224,027; U.S. Pat. No. 9,230,140; U.S. Pat. No. 9,235,553; U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,950; U.S. Pat. No. 9,245,492; U.S. Pat. No. 9,248,640; U.S. Pat. No. 9,250,652; U.S. Pat. No. 9,250,712; U.S. Pat. No. 9,251,411; U.S. Pat. No. 9,258,033; U.S. Pat. No. 9,262,633; U.S. Pat. No. 9,262,660; U.S. Pat. No. 9,262,662; U.S. Pat. No. 9,269,036; U.S. Pat. No. 9,270,782; U.S. Pat. No. 9,274,812; U.S. Pat. No. 9,275,388; U.S. Pat. No. 9,277,668; U.S. Pat. No. 9,280,693; U.S. Pat. No. 9,286,496; U.S. Pat. No. 9,298,964; U.S. Pat. No. 9,301,427; U.S. Pat. No. 9,313,377; U.S. Pat. No. 9,317,037; U.S. Pat. No. 9,319,548; U.S. Pat. No. 9,342,723; U.S. Pat. No. 9,361,882; U.S. Pat. No. 9,365,381; U.S. Pat. No. 9,373,018; U.S. Pat. No. 9,375,945; U.S. Pat. No. 9,378,403; U.S. Pat. No. 9,383,848; U.S. Pat. No. 9,384,374; U.S. Pat. No. 9,390,304; U.S. Pat. No. 9,390,596; U.S. Pat. No. 9,411,386; U.S. Pat. No. 9,412,242; U.S. Pat. No. 9,418,269; U.S. Pat. No. 9,418,270; U.S. Pat. No. 9,465,967; U.S. Pat. No. 9,423,318; U.S. Pat. No. 9,424,454; U.S. Pat. No. 9,436,860; U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,123; U.S. Pat. No. 9,443,222; U.S. Pat. No. 9,454,689; U.S. Pat. No. 9,464,885; U.S. Pat. No. 9,465,967; U.S. Pat. No. 9,478,983; U.S. Pat. No. 9,481,186; U.S. Pat. No. 9,487,113; U.S. Pat. No. 9,488,986; U.S. Pat. No. 9,489,782; U.S. Pat. No. 9,490,540; U.S. Pat. No. 9,491,729; U.S. Pat. No. 9,497,092; U.S. Pat. No. 9,507,974; U.S. Pat. No. 9,519,814; U.S. Pat. No. 9,521,331; U.S. Pat. No. 9,530,038; U.S. Pat. No. 9,572,901; U.S. Pat. No. 9,558,386; U.S. Pat. No. 9,606,581; U.S. Pat. No. 9,646,189; U.S. Pat. No. 9,646,191; U.S. Pat. No. 9,652,648; U.S. Pat. No. 9,652,653; U.S. Pat. No. 9,656,487; U.S. Pat. No. 9,659,198; U.S. Pat. No. 9,680,282; U.S. Pat. No. 9,697,401; U.S. Pat. No. 9,701,140; U.S. Design Pat. No. D702,237; U.S. Design Pat. No. D716,285; U.S. Design Pat. No. D723,560; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,357; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,901; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,902; U.S. Design Pat. No. D734,339; U.S. Design Pat. No. D737,321; U.S. Design Pat. No. D754,205; U.S. Design Pat. No. D754,206; U.S. Design Pat. No. D757,009; U.S. Design Pat. No. D760,719; U.S. Design Pat. No. D762,604; U.S. Design Pat. No. D766,244; U.S. Design Pat. No. D777,166; U.S. Design Pat. No. D771,631; U.S. Design Pat. No. D783,601; U.S. Design Pat. No. D785,617; U.S. Design Pat. No. D785,636; U.S. Design Pat. No. D790,505; U.S. Design Pat. No. D790,546; International Publication No. 2013/163789; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0185432; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0134221; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177080; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177076; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177707; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177749; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0265880; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0202554; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0111946; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0168511; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0168512; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0193423; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0194692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0203647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0223141; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0228382; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0248188; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0043312; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0082104; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0175341; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0175343; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0257744; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0257759; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0270346; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0292475; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0292477; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0293539; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0293540; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0306728; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0306731; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0307964; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0308625; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0313324; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0332996; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0001267; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0025584; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0034734; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0036848; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0039693; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0049120; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0049635; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0061306; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0063289; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0066136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0067692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0070005; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0071840; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0074746; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0076974; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0097249; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0098792; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0100813; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0103115; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104413; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104414; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104416; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0106725; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0108010; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0108402; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0110485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0125853; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0125999; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0129378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0131443; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0133379; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0136208; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0140585; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0152882; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0158770; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0159869; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0166759; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0168787; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0175165; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0191684; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0191913; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0197304; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0214631; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0217166; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0231500; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0247315; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263493; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263645; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0270196; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0270229; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0278387; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0288933; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0297058; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0299665; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0332590; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0351317; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0362184; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0363015; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0369511; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0374483; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0374485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0001301; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0001304; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0009338; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0014416; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0021397; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0028104; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0029002; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0032709; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0039309; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0039878; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0040378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0049347; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0051992; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0053769; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0062366; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0063215; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0088522; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0096872; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0100196; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0102109; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0115035; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0127791; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0128116; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0133047; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0134470; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0136851; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0142492; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0144692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0144698; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0149946; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0161429; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178523; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178537; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178685; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0181109; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0199957; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0210199; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0212565; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0213647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0220753; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0220901; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0227189; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0236984; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0239348; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0242658; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0248572; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0254485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0261643; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0264624; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0268971; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0269402; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0288689; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0288896; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310243; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310244; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310389; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0312780; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0327012; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0014251; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0025697; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0026838; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0026839; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0040982; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0042241; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0057230; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0062473; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0070944; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0092805; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0101936; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0104019; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0104274; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109219; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109220; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109224; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0112631; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0112643; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0117627; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0124516; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125217; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125342; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125873; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0133253; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171597; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171666; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171720; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171775; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171777; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0174674; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178479; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178685; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178707; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179132; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179143; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179368; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180130; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180133; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180594; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180663; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180678; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180713; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0185136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0185291; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0186926; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188861; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188939; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188940; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188941; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188942; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188943; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188944; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189076; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189087; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189088; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189092; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189284; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189288; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189366; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189443; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189447; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189489; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0192051; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202951; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202958; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202959; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203021; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203429; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203797; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203820; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204623; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204636; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204638; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0227912; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0232891; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0292477; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0294779; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0306769; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0314276; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0314294; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0316190; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0323310; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0325677; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0327614; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0327930; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0328762; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0330218; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0343163; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0343176; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0364914; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0370220; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0372282; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0373847; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0377414; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0377417; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010141; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010328; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010780; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0016714; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0018094; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0046603; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0047864; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053146; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053147; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0055606; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0060316; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0061961; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0064634; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0083730; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091502; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091706; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091741; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091904; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0092908; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0094238; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0098947; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0100949; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0108838; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0108895; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0118355; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0123598; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124369; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124396; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124687; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0126873; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0126904; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0139012; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0140329; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0140731; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0147847; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0150124; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0169198; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171035; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171703; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171803; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0180359; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0180577; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0181299; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0190192; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193432; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193461; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193727; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0199266; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0200108; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0200275.

In the above description and/or figure, examples of embodiments have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 

1. A system for determining dimensions, the system comprising: a camera having a field of view; a projector configured to project a pattern into the field of view; a structural setting configured to receive the object in a predetermined position in the field of view; at least one sensor configured to detect that the object is in the predetermined position; and a processor configured to, at least partially in response to the at least one sensor detecting that the object is in the predetermined position, at least enable the camera to obtain at least one image of the object while the projector is projecting the pattern onto the object in the field of view, wherein the processor is configured to determine, based at least partially upon the at least one image, dimensions of the object.
 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a contact sensor.
 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein: the structural setting comprises first and second upright surfaces configured to simultaneously engage respective portions of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, and the second upright surface of the structural setting extends in a crosswise direction relative to the first upright surface of the structural setting.
 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein: the structural setting comprises a corner configured to receive a corner of the object; and the corner of the structural setting is at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another.
 5. The system according to claim 3, wherein: the structural setting comprises a right-angled receptacle configured to receive at least a portion of the object; and the right-angled receptacle is at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another.
 6. The system according to claim 3, wherein: the camera is configured to obtain one or more images including the at least one pattern on the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting; and the processor is configured to determine positional information for the first upright surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for the second upright surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for a first portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine positional information for a second portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for first upright surface of the structural setting and the positional information for the first portion of the object, and determine a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for second upright surface of the structural setting and the positional information for the second portion of the object.
 7. The system according to claim 3, comprising a third surface of the structural setting configured to engage a portion of the object while the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting are respectively engaging the respective portions of the object, wherein: the third surface of the structural setting extends in a crosswise direction relative to the first upright surface of the structural setting, and the third surface of the structural setting extends in a crosswise direction relative to the second upright surface of the structural setting.
 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein: a substantially planar portion of the first upright surface of the structural setting is substantially perpendicular to a substantially planar portion of the second upright surface of the structural setting; and a substantially planar portion of the third surface of the structural setting is substantially perpendicular to both the substantially planar portion of the first upright surface of the structural setting and the substantially planar portion of the second upright surface of the structural setting.
 9. The system according to claim 7, wherein the structural setting comprises a corner configured to receive a corner of the object.
 10. A system for determining dimensions, the system comprising: a structural setting configured to receive an object in a predetermined position, the structural setting comprising first and second surfaces configured to simultaneously engage respective portions of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, wherein the second surface of the structural setting extends in a crosswise direction relative to the first surface of the structural setting; a projector configured to project at least one pattern onto each of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, and the first and second surfaces of the structural setting; a camera configured to obtain one or more images including the at least one pattern on the first and second surfaces of the structural setting, and at least one image including the at least one pattern on the object while the object is in the predetermined position; and a processor configured to determine dimensions of the object based upon at least both the at least one image and the one or more images, comprising the processor being configured to determine positional information for the first surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for the second surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determine positional information for a first portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine positional information for a second portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determine a distance based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the first surface of the structural setting and the positional information for first portion of the object, and determine a distance based upon at least one difference between the positional information for the second surface of the structural setting and the positional information for second portion of the object.
 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein: the structural setting comprises a corner configured to receive a corner of the object; and the corner of the structural setting is at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another.
 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein: the structural setting comprises a right-angled receptacle configured to receive at least a portion of the object; and the right-angled receptacle is at least partially defined by the first and second upright surfaces of the structural setting extending convergently toward one another.
 13. The system according to claim 10, comprising at least one sensor configured to detect that the object is in the predetermined position, wherein the processor is configured to determine the dimensions at least partially in response to the at least one sensor detecting that the object is in the predetermined position.
 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a contact sensor.
 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein the structural setting comprises a corner configured to receive a corner of the object.
 16. A method for determining dimensions of an object, the method comprising: projecting, by a projector, at least one pattern onto an object while the object in a predetermined position with respect to a structural setting, the structural setting comprising a first surface engaging a portion of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, and a second surface engaging another portion of the object while the object is in the predetermined position, the second surface extending in a crosswise direction relative to the first surface; obtaining, by a camera, one or more images, the one or more images comprising at least one image including the at least one pattern on the object while the object is in the predetermined position; and determining, by a processor, dimensions of the object, comprising the processor determining positional information for the first surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determining positional information for the second surface of the structural setting based upon the one or more images, determining positional information for a first portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determining positional information for a second portion of the object based upon the at least one image, determining a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for first surface of the structural setting and the positional information for first portion of the object, and determining a dimension based upon at least one difference between the positional information for second surface of the structural setting and the positional information for second portion of the object.
 17. The method according to claim 16, comprising: detecting, with at least one sensor, presence of the object in the predetermined position; and the obtaining the one or more images being at least partially responsive to the detecting the presence of the object in the predetermined position.
 18. The method according to claim 16, comprising obtaining a first image including the at least one pattern on the structural setting without the object being in the predetermined position, wherein the determining the positions of the first and second surfaces of the structural setting comprises determining, by the processor, the positions of the first and second surfaces of the structural setting based at least partially upon the first image.
 19. The method according to claim 16, comprising both the projector and the camera remaining stationary during both the projecting and the capturing.
 20. The method according to claim 16, comprising positioning a corner of the object in a corner of the structural setting. 